CAROM VICE
(aesthetic field of the frame / visual contact / geometric pattern superposition)
(1868) John Wesley Hyatt invention celluloid billliard bull
(1887) Hannibal Goodwin film celluloid
(1891) Thomas Edison camera shooting pellicular 19mm
(1897) Enoch J. Rector first documentary film
The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight
filmed in an early widescreen process in 63mm film
with an aspect ratio of about 1.75:1
A plastic material (plastic in common parlance) is a polymer generally mixed with additives , colorants , and fillers ( miscible or immiscible within the polymer matrix). There is a wide range of plastics; they are injection-molded , extruded , stretched into film , and generally shaped under heat and pressure to produce a semi-finished product or object , including yarns and fibers ( fabrics ), sealants , coatings , etc. It is used in almost every sector of activity . Some plastics possess properties never before combined, such as transparency and impact resistance .
Etymology : The word " plastic " derives from the Latin plasticus , itself from the ancient Greek πλαστικός / plastikós , "relating to modeling", derived from the verb πλάσσω / plássô , "to mold, to form", from which the word plasma also derives
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John Wesley Hyatt (born on November 28, 1837 to Starkey (New York) – May 10, 1920) is an American inventor who went down in history for the industrialization of the production of celluloid , one of the first plastics .
Hyatt began his career as a printer at the age of 16. A few years later, the Civil War broke out, resulting in a blockade that disrupted, among other things, the delivery of ivory . This material was then used not only for marquetry but also for a multitude of everyday items : cane handles , buttons, and billiard balls. With the support of his brother Isaiah, Hyatt attempted to find a synthetic substitute for ivory using parkesine , a hard variety of nitrocellulose . Parkesine, which is considered the first plastic despite its commercial failure in Europe, had been invented by the Englishman Alexander Parkes in 1862. As for liquid nitrocellulose, or collodion , it had been invented as early as 1846 by Louis Ménard and used in 1851 by Frederick Scott Archer for the treatment of photographic paper; Collodion was then widely used as a quick-drying protective film for printers' fingers. Hyatt discovered a way to produce a solid form of nitrocellulose that was both inexpensive and possessed excellent mechanical properties: dimensional stability, shock resistance , and a high coefficient of restitution . He patented this discovery in the United States in 1869 under the name "Celluloid" (US patent 50359; a word that has since entered common usage ). In 1870, Hyatt founded his own company, the Albany Dental Plate Company , which sold billiard balls, dentures, and piano keys. Two years later, he established Hyatt's Celluloid Manufacturing Company in Albany, New York , before moving to Newark in 1873.
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Hannibal Williston Goodwin (April 30, 1822 – December 31, 1900), patented a method for making transparent, flexible roll film out of nitrocellulose film base, which was used in Thomas Edison's Kinetoscope, an early machine for viewing motion pictures.
Goodwin was motivated to search for a non-breakable, and clear substance on which he could place the images he utilized in his Biblical teachings. He set up a chemistry lab in the attic of the Plum house rectory and sawed a five foot hole in the roof for better sunligh : 335 On May 2, 1887, the year Goodwin retired from the church he had served for twenty years, he filed a patent for "a photographic pellicle and process of producing same ... especially in connection with roller cameras", but the patent was not granted until 13 September 1898.[ In the meantime, George Eastman had already started production of roll-film using his own process.
In 1900, Goodwin set up the Goodwin Film and Camera Company, but before film production had started he was involved in a street accident near a construction site and died on December 31, 1900.
Legacy
Goodwin's patent was sold to Ansco (camera brand name of Binghamton N.Y.S., since 1842 to 1928 begin Agfa Ansco Co.) who successfully sued Eastman Kodak for infringement of the patent and was awarded $5 million (over $120 million in 2020) on March 10, 1914.
The Newark International Film Festival named one of their main awards the Hannibal Goodwin Award for Innovation in Filmmaking.
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George Eastman (July 12, 1854 – March 14, 1932) was an American innovator and entrepreneur who founded the Eastman Kodak Company and helped to bring the photographic use of roll film into the mainstream. After a decade of experiments in photography, he patented and sold a roll film camera, making amateur photography accessible to the general public for the first time.[1] Working as the treasurer and later president of Kodak, he oversaw the expansion of the company and the film industry.
While working as a bank clerk in the 1870s, Eastman became interested in photography. After receiving lessons from George Monroe and George Selden, he developed a machine for coating dry plates in 1879. In 1881, he founded the Eastman Dry Plate Company with Henry Strong to sell plates, with Strong as company president and Eastman as treasurer, where he handled most executive functions.[8] Around the same time, he began experiments to create a flexible film roll that could replace plates altogether. In 1885, he received a patent for a film roll and then focused on creating a camera to use the rolls.[9] In 1888, he patented and released the Kodak camera ("Kodak" being a word Eastman created). It was sold loaded with enough roll film for 100 exposures. When all the exposures had been made, the photographer mailed the camera back to the Eastman company in Rochester, along with $10. The company would process the film, make a print of each exposure, load another roll of film into the camera, and send the camera and the prints to the photographer.
The separation of photo-taking from the difficult process of film development was novel and made photography more accessible to amateurs than ever before, and the camera was immediately popular with the public. By August 1888, Eastman was struggling to meet orders, and he and his employees soon had several other cameras in development. The rapidly-growing Eastman Dry Plate Company was reorganized as the Eastman Company in 1889, and then incorporated as Eastman Kodak in 1892.
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Modern billiard originated in France and England. It was an aristocratic sport, a miniature version of croquet. An indoor game, it allowed people to play even in rainy weather. The green felt of the table evokes the green grass of a cricket pitch. Billiards became more accessible with the Industrial Revolution, and its design evolved to determine an ideal format and finalize the edges, or "banks," which allow the ball to bounce within the playing area. Slate began to be used for the playing surfaces, ensuring a smooth, uniform, and highly durable surface. With the rise of rubber, manufacturers developed billiard cushions to be placed around the tables.
Etymology : The word carom, which simply means any strike and rebound, was in use in reference to billiards by at least 1779, sometimes spelled "carrom" : Sources differ on the origin. It has been pegged variously as a shortening of the Spanish and Portuguese word carambola, or the French word carambole, which are used to describe the red object ball. Some etymologists have suggested that carambola, in turn, was derived from a yellow-to-orange, tropical Asian fruit also known in Portuguese as a carambola (which was a corruption of the original name of the fruit, karambal in the Marathi language of India), also known as star fruit. But this may simply be folk etymology, as the fruit bears no resemblance to a billiard ball, and there is no direct evidence for such a derivation.
In modern French, the word carambolage means 'successive collision', currently used mainly in reference to carom or cannon shots in billiards, and to multiple-vehicle car crashes.
(18th-19th centuries)
Carom french billiard (without pocket)
dim. : 284 x 142 x (en 75 et 80) cm
(20th century)
standard us modern game, billiard / pool (6 poches)
standard table 9 food / rectangle format 2/1 ratio : 9 ; 4.5
standard table 8 food / rectangular format 2/1 ratio 8 ; 4
in - out dim. : 254 x 127 cm / playing surface : 234 x 117 cm